Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.     

Standard for Bamboo and its International Trend

1 INTRODUCTIONNational forestry ecological engineering, as afundamental affair for environmental protectioncontains combating desertification, soil and waterconservation. Two measures might be taken to preventsoil and water losses. One measure is to enlarge theforest area and to stop cutting or to decrease cuttingforest so as to make forest coverage keep rising at astable speed, forest resources should be examined byremote sensing technology. The other is to control thecirculation of wood…     

Habitat analysis of the commercial tuna of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer.     

渔获量不确定性对印度洋大眼金枪鱼资源评估的影响

大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)是最具经济价值的热带金枪鱼类,其资源状况一直是区域性金枪鱼渔业管理组织关注的重点。由于多种渔业作业、捕捞船队构成复杂,印度洋大眼金枪鱼的历史渔获量统计存在一定的偏差(Bias),但国际上近些年开展资源评估时都忽略了这一偏差。本研究根据1979~2015年的年渔获量、年龄结构渔获量及相对丰度指数数据,运用年龄结构资源评估模型(ASAP)对印度洋大眼金枪鱼资源进行评估,重点考查渔获量的不确定性(观测误差和统计偏差)对资源评估结果的影响。结果显示,印度洋大眼金枪鱼当前资源总体没有过度捕捞,但2015年初显示轻微的过度捕捞,通过对比基础模型与8个灵敏度分析模型的评估结果发现,渔获量观测误差(CV)的预设对资源开发状态的判断有一定的影响。当渔获量统计偏差调整量为15%时(即历史渔获量被低估了),评估结果与基础模型基本一致;统计偏差调整量为20%时,评估结果有过度捕捞的趋势。本研究结果表明,资源评估模型中渔获量观测误差的设定和历史渔获量统计偏差均会对评估结果产生影响,后者更为明显,因此,二者均不能忽略。     

1990～2010年上海海洋大学发表中文论文统计分析

以清华同方的《中国期刊全文数据库》和《中国引文索引》为统计工具,对上海海洋大学1990～2010年发表的论文进行统计分析。其论文发表量在逐年增加;论文主要以水产渔业、食品学科为主;论文平均被引次数超过5次,最高被引频次的论文绝大多数为水产渔业学科论文。     

实施蓝海战略 振兴民族大豆产业

我国大豆产业面对国外大量涌入的转基因大豆的冲击、广大豆农无钱可赚、国产大豆加工企业没有利润空间的严峻形势,只有实施蓝海战略,才能突出重围,谋求新的发展,实现民族大豆产业的振兴。     

热带太平洋中东部大眼金枪鱼摄食强度的时空变化

根据中国金枪鱼渔业观察员项目于2006年2—11月在东太平洋水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集的数据,对大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obseus摄食强度的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明：小个体大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较大个体大眼金枪鱼的高,叉长小于140 cm的大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3—4月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较小,5—11月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3月大眼金枪鱼的空胃率相对较高,5—11月大眼金枪鱼空胃率均低于15%;200～350 m水层中大眼金枪鱼的摄食活动非常活跃。各月份（χ2=227.95,P〈0.0001）和不同叉长组（χ2=364.61,P〈0.0001）大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度均存在显著性差异,且不同水层（χ2=178.50,P〈0.0001）大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度也存在显著性差异。     

夏秋季西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生物学的初步研究

根据2007年7-10月我国鱿钓船在西北太平洋传统鱿钓作业渔场(150°～165°E,39°～45°N)渔汛期间所采集的柔鱼样本,对夏秋季柔鱼渔业生物学特性进行初步研究。研究得知,渔获物胴长范围为200～436 mm,平均胴长为282 mm,优势胴长为230～320 mm,占总数的81.60%。各月渔获物中雄性个体的平均胴长小于雌性个体。胴长与体重关系的生长指数接近3。渔获物中的性比符合1∶1(P>0.05),但成熟个体中雄性个体所占比例明显比雌性高(P<0.05)。渔获物的性腺成熟度以Ⅰ、Ⅱ期为主,雌性个体性腺成熟晚于雄性个体。缠卵腺长和缠卵腺重随着性腺的成熟而逐步增大。渔获物中胴长组成呈双峰型,且未成熟、成熟个体同时存在,由此判断作业海域中柔鱼存在2个种群,即小型的冬春季产卵群体和大型的秋季产卵群体,且以小型的冬春季产卵群体为主。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔业生物学研究进展

柔鱼是重要的大洋性经济头足类,是我国远洋鱿钓渔船的主要捕捞对象。对北太平洋柔鱼的种群结构、洄游、年龄与生长、繁殖、摄食等生物学研究进展做了初步总结和归纳,并提出需要进一步深入研究的方向,供今后研究参考。柔鱼可分为4个季节性地理种群,即秋生东部群体、秋生中部群体、冬春生西部群体和冬春生中东部群体,但还需要在分子生物学角度得到进一步的确认;柔鱼随季节做南北洄游,其中向北索饵洄游模式研究较为深入,而向南产卵洄游模式尚不清楚,其产卵场空间分布及产卵期需要进一步调查;对柔鱼繁殖习性研究相对不足,尤其是产卵至孵化以及孵化后至仔鱼的生活史过程;柔鱼分布的东西海洋环境差异很大,不同海域柔鱼的昼夜垂直移动规律还需要深入;柔鱼年龄约为1年,为短生命周期种类,其年间资源补充量变化的机理及其与环境关系初步得到掌握。为了更好地开发和利用该资源,需要加强各国之间的合作,系统地开展北太平洋柔鱼资源调查和渔业生物学研究,建立基于海洋生态系统的柔鱼资源监测网络,建立符合柔鱼生活史特征的资源量评估模型及其管理策略。     

江苏海洋资源综合开发与推进措施研究

以江苏海洋资源开发现状为基础,立足海洋资源综合开发的优势条件,构建了海洋资源综合开发的优化路径,并提出了可持续开发的推进措施。